Confusion

Screening for toxic or metabolic contributors (eg, medications, hypoxia, electrolyte disturbance)

Sensory aids

Planned reassessment for improvement if confusion limits rehabilitation potential

Deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Mobilization

Hydration

Compression stockings

Intermittent pneumatic compression

Coumadin

Low-molecular-weight heparin

Depression or apathy

Screening for depression

Treatment with medications, counseling, support groups

Kidney or bladder infection

Avoidance, removal of indwelling catheter

Check of postvoid residual

Frequent toileting

Rarely helpful: prophylactic antibiotics

Pneumonia

Mobilization

Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as needed

Influenza vaccination

Incentive spirometry

Screening, precautions for aspiration*

Seizures

Prevention of recurrence with anticonvulsants, carbamazepine, or valproic acid

Skin breakdown

Mobilization

Positioning

Pressure-relieving mattresses

Early care with dressings

Spasticity

Physical therapy to control

Muscle relaxants

Botulinum toxin (trials ongoing)

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and use of acetaminophen for pain

Hematocrit monitoring

Consideration of prophylactic agents