Behavior

Examples

Facial expressions

Slight frown; sad, frightened face

Grimacing, wrinkled forehead, closed or tightened eyes

Any distorted expression

Rapid blinking

Verbalizations, vocalizations

Sighing, moaning, groaning

Grunting, chanting, calling out

Noisy breathing

Asking for help

Verbal abusiveness

Body movements

Rigid, tense body posture, guarding

Fidgeting

Increased pacing, rocking

Restricted movement

Gait or mobility changes

Changes in interpersonal interactions

Aggressive, combative, resists care

Decreased social interactions

Socially inappropriate, disruptive

Withdrawn

Changes in activity patterns or routines

Refusing food, appetite change

Increase in rest periods

Sleep, rest pattern changes

Sudden cessation of common routines

Increased wandering

Mental status changes

Crying or tears

Increased confusion

Irritability or distress