Table 51.2—Causes of Postmenopausal Vaginal Bleeding

Cervical

Carcinoma

Cervicitis

Polyp

Endocrinologic

Exogenous hormones

Perimenopausal ovarian function

Ovarian

Functioning ovarian tumor

Uterine

Endometrial atrophy

Hyperplasia

Neoplasia

Polyp

Submucosal leiomyoma

Vaginal

Atrophy

Inflammation

Tumor

Ulceration

Vulvar

Carcinoma

Laceration or ulceration

Urethral caruncle

Other

Coagulation disorder

Rectal lesion

Urinary tract infection